Ethno-medicinal, ethnopharmacological, and aroma chemical aspects of Eucalyptus species

Eucalyptus species, particularly Eucalyptus globulus Labill., represent one of the most widely studied genera in the family Myrtaceous due to their remarkable ethnomedicinal, ethnopharmacological, and industrial significance. This review comprehensively explores the morphology, phytochemistry, traditional medicinal uses, pharmacological properties, and aroma chemical aspects of E. globulus. Various parts of the plant—leaves, bark, fruits, and gums—contain diverse bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, and essential oils, with 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) as the principal component responsible for its distinctive fragrance and biological activity. Traditional applications across global medicinal systems highlight its role in treating respiratory, inflammatory, and infectious disorders. Modern studies further support its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insecticidal properties. Advanced extraction methods, including steam distillation, microwave-assisted hydro distillation, and solar-based techniques, have improved essential oil yield and quality. Furthermore, nano emulsion formulations and biorefinery approaches offer sustainable and eco-friendly prospects for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and aromatic industries. This review consolidates existing knowledge while emphasizing recent advances and future directions for the valorization of Eucalyptus globulus as a multifunctional bioresource.